Nuclear and Radiochemistry

Radiopharmaceuticals are unique medicinal formulations containing radioisotopes which are used in major clinical areas for diagnosis and/or therapy. The facilities and procedures for the production, use, and storage of radiopharmaceuticals are subject to licensing by national and/or regional authorities.

This session of Analytical chemistry deals with the science of obtaining, processing, and Meeting information about the composition and structure of matter. The advancement of demands in certain parameters like accuracy, precision, accurate control on the chemical composition of the materials has made the researches in analytical chemistry more prevalent in the present day

Information on source terms such as radionuclide speciation, mobility,and biological uptake is needed to estimate the long-term environmental impact of radioactive contamination of ecosystems. Radioactive particles make up the majority of refractory radionuclides emitted by nuclear sources including nuclear weapons testing and reactor accidents, but radionuclides can also be found as colloids or low molecular mass species in nuclear plant effluents. Colloids and particles are less mobile (lower apparent K(d)) and bioavailable (higher apparent BCF) than low molecular mass species. 

The synthesis of coordination and organometallic compounds of actinides and technetium is discussed using modern techniques. Experiments on synthesis of actinide and technetium complexes from elemental metals (oxidative dissolution and direct electro synthesis), salts, halide, carbonyl, and other complexes, as well as salts and halide, carbonyl, and other complexes, are summarized in tables.

Ionisation radiation has been effectively employed as bactericide for sterilisation of medical products and devices on commercial scale. This technique is mainly a cold  process.It is used for disposable medical devices made from heat sensitive plastics. The gamma rays penetrate through these sealed packages. Radioisotopes and radiation processing techniques are increasingly being used in industry to enhance productivity, produce better materials and for elucidating information that is not possible to be obtained by any other means.

Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons but the same number of protons and electrons. The difference in the number of neutrons between the various isotopes of an element means that the various isotopes have different masses. The superscript number to the left of the element abbreviation indicates the number of protons plus neutrons in the isotope. For example, among the hydrogen isotopes, deuterium (denoted as 2H or D) has one neutron and one proton. This is approximately twice the mass of protium (1H), whereas tritium (3H) has approximately three times the mass of protium

A radioactive tracer is a chemical compound in which one or more atoms have been replaced by a radioisotope. Monitoring its radioactive decay, a radiotracer can be used to explore the mechanism of chemical reactions. They are also used for flow visualisation through different technologies, such as Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography, Position Emission Tomography and Computed Radioactive Particle Tracking.

X-ray photons are created by the interaction of energetic electrons with matter at the atomic level. Photons (x-ray and gamma) end their lives by transferring their energy to electrons contained in matter. X-ray interactions are important in diagnostic examinations for many reasons. 

Nuclear reaction or the fission and fusion are the process that involved large amount of energy. It mainly two ways fission and fusion. Basically Nuclear Reaction are different from chemical reactions

Radioactive decay is the process in which an unstable atomic nucleus loses energy by emitting ionizing particle and radiation transforming the parent nuclide atom into a different atom called daughter nuclide. It is the process in which an unstable atomic nucleus loses energy by emitting ionizing particles and radiation.

The phenomenon of radioactivity was discovered by Henri Becquerel in 1896 and the radiations emitted were called as Becquerel rays or Uranic rays.

Environmental radiochemistry has advanced significantly in the world during the last half-century as an important branch of radiochemistry. Since there are serious concerns about the safety of high-level radioactive wastes, the diffusion, migration, sorption in environmental media, and uptake by plants and aquatic animals of weakly sorbet and long-lived radionuclides must be thoroughly understood in terms of geologic repository safety assessmen

 Nuclear energy is a powerful source of energy, generated during a nuclear reaction,by change in the  nucleus of an atom .source of nuclear energy is generated through the nuclear reaction during the conversion of Mass into energy.

• Carbon radionuclides can be used as radioactive tracers in biology because they are chemically similar to nonradioactive nuclides and are treated similarly in most chemical, biological, and ecological processes.
• Syringes and other medical equipment are sterilized using more powerful gamma emitters.

RDI develops high-precision radiation measurement equipment for cancer treatment quality assurance and verification. Our team is combining their different scientific and industrial backgrounds to support the clinical precision of therapy administration to new heights. Our tools are intended to assist clinical professionals and patients in maximising the benefits of new modern radiation treatment modalities, as well as to make treatment processes safer, more successful, and, ultimately, more inexpensive and accessible.

The trans actinide elements are all radioactive and have only been synthesized in laboratories. There has never been a macroscopic sample of any of these elements. The elements in the trans actinide family are all named after nuclear scientists and chemists, as well as major sites involved in their creation.The chemical elements with atomic numbers greater than that of the actinides, the heaviest of which is lawrencium, are known as trans actinide elements in chemistry. The super-heavy elements are sometimes known as trans actinide elements. The trans actinide elements are all radioactive and have only been synthesised in laboratories

Except for the final actinide (lawrencium), which is a d-block element, all of the actinides are f-block elements. Actinium has been classified as d-block instead of lawrencium on occasion, however those who examine the topic prefer the classification with lawrencium in the d-block.  Although several have anomalous configurations in the ground state including the filling of the 6d shell due to interelectronic repulsion, the series mainly corresponds to the filling of the 5f electron shell. 

Neutron activation analysis (NAA) is a nuclear analytical technique that is particularly beneficial for environmental investigations. It has low detection limits for numerous elements, great specificity, and minimal sources of systematic error, all of which contribute to high accuracy. Neutron activation technique is particularly beneficial for analyzing environmental samples at the trace and ultra-trace levels (water, soils, rocks and biological material)

Investigations in radioecology include field sampling, experimental field and laboratory procedures, and the development Radioecology is the branch of ecology concerning the presence of radioactivity in Earth’s ecosystems of environmentally predictive simulation models in an attempt to understand the migration methods of radioactive material throughout the environment.

 This session of Applied and Advanced Chemistry is concerned with doing basic researches on a variety of chemical fields like metal compounds, inorganic and organic compounds, polymers, proteins. The main motto of this field of chemistry is to make the application of these researches in various fields and contribute to the development.

 This session of Applied and Advanced Chemistry is concerned with doing basic researches on a variety of chemical fields like metal compounds, inorganic and organic compounds, polymers, proteins. The main motto of this field of chemistry is to make the application of these researches in various fields and contribute to the development.

The  branch of analytical chemistry that consists of a collection of methods for determining the composition and content of radioisotopes in transformation products on a qualitative level. Nuclear reactions in natural substances and particularly irradiated materials can produce radioisotopes.

RDI develops high-precision radiation measurement equipment for cancer treatment quality assurance and verification. Our team is combining their different scientific and industrial backgrounds to push the clinical precision of therapy administration to new heights. Our tools are intended to assist clinical professionals and patients in maximising the benefits of new modern radiation treatment modalities, as well as to make treatment processes safer, more successful, and, ultimately, more inexpensive and accessible.

Radioecology is a multidisciplinary study that aims to understand and quantify the behaviour of radionuclides in the environment, as well as the processes that govern their transfer to various receivers such as plants, animals, and humans.

Ionizing radiation deposits its energy by interacting with the electrons of the absorber as it passes through matter. The removal of an electron from an atom or molecular link as a result of an interaction between the radiation and the absorbing species produces radicals and excited species. The radical species subsequently react with each other and other molecules in their immediate surroundings. The reactions of radical species are responsible for the alterations noticed after a chemical system has been irradiated.